Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Vos T., Flaxman AD., Naghavi M., Lozano R., Michaud C., Ezzati M., Shibuya K., Salomon JA., Abdalla S., Aboyans V., Abraham J., Ackerman I., Aggarwal R., Ahn SY., Ali MK., Alvarado M., Anderson HR., Anderson LM., Andrews KG., Atkinson C., Baddour LM., Bahalim AN., Barker-Collo S., Barrero LH., Bartels DH., Basáñez M-G., Baxter A., Bell ML., Benjamin EJ., Bennett D., Bernabé E., Bhalla K., Bhandari B., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A., Birbeck G., Black JA., Blencowe H., Blore JD., Blyth F., Bolliger I., Bonaventure A., Boufous S., Bourne R., Boussinesq M., Braithwaite T., Brayne C., Bridgett L., Brooker S., Brooks P., Brugha TS., Bryan-Hancock C., Bucello C., Buchbinder R., Buckle G., Budke CM., Burch M., Burney P., Burstein R., Calabria B., Campbell B., Canter CE., Carabin H., Carapetis J., Carmona L., Cella C., Charlson F., Chen H., Cheng AT-A., Chou D., Chugh SS., Coffeng LE., Colan SD., Colquhoun S., Colson KE., Condon J., Connor MD., Cooper LT., Corriere M., Cortinovis M., de Vaccaro KC., Couser W., Cowie BC., Criqui MH., Cross M., Dabhadkar KC., Dahiya M., Dahodwala N., Damsere-Derry J., Danaei G., Davis A., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Dellavalle R., Delossantos A., Denenberg J., Derrett S., Des Jarlais DC., Dharmaratne SD., Dherani M., Diaz-Torne C., Dolk H., Dorsey ER., Driscoll T., Duber H., Ebel B., Edmond K., Elbaz A., Ali SE., Erskine H., Erwin PJ., Espindola P., Ewoigbokhan SE., Farzadfar F., Feigin V., Felson DT., Ferrari A., Ferri CP., Fèvre EM., Finucane MM., Flaxman S., Flood L., Foreman K., Forouzanfar MH., Fowkes FGR., Franklin R., Fransen M., Freeman MK., Gabbe BJ., Gabriel SE., Gakidou E., Ganatra HA., Garcia B., Gaspari F., Gillum RF., Gmel G., Gosselin R., Grainger R., Groeger J., Guillemin F., Gunnell D., Gupta R., Haagsma J., Hagan H., Halasa YA., Hall W., Haring D., Haro JM., Harrison JE., Havmoeller R., Hay RJ., Higashi H., Hill C., Hoen B., Hoffman H., Hotez PJ., Hoy D., Huang JJ., Ibeanusi SE., Jacobsen KH., James SL., Jarvis D., Jasrasaria R., Jayaraman S., Johns N., Jonas JB., Karthikeyan G., Kassebaum N., Kawakami N., Keren A., Khoo J-P., King CH., Knowlton LM., Kobusingye O., Koranteng A., Krishnamurthi R., Lalloo R., Laslett LL., Lathlean T., Leasher JL., Lee YY., Leigh J., Lim SS., Limb E., Lin JK., Lipnick M., Lipshultz SE., Liu W., Loane M., Ohno SL., Lyons R., Ma J., Mabweijano J., MacIntyre MF., Malekzadeh R., Mallinger L., Manivannan S., Marcenes W., March L., Margolis DJ., Marks GB., Marks R., Matsumori A., Matzopoulos R., Mayosi BM., McAnulty JH., McDermott MM., McGill N., McGrath J., Medina-Mora ME., Meltzer M., Mensah GA., Merriman TR., Meyer A-C., Miglioli V., Miller M., Miller TR., Mitchell PB., Mocumbi AO., Moffitt TE., Mokdad AA., Monasta L., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moran A., Morawska L., Mori R., Murdoch ME., Mwaniki MK., Naidoo K., Nair MN., Naldi L., Narayan KMV., Nelson PK., Nelson RG., Nevitt MC., Newton CR., Nolte S., Norman P., Norman R., O'Donnell M., O'Hanlon S., Olives C., Omer SB., Ortblad K., Osborne R., Ozgediz D., Page A., Pahari B., Pandian JD., Rivero AP., Patten SB., Pearce N., Padilla RP., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Phillips D., Phillips MR., Pierce K., Pion S., Polanczyk GV., Polinder S., Pope CA., Popova S., Porrini E., Pourmalek F., Prince M., Pullan RL., Ramaiah KD., Ranganathan D., Razavi H., Regan M., Rehm JT., Rein DB., Remuzzi G., Richardson K., Rivara FP., Roberts T., Robinson C., De Leòn FR., Ronfani L., Room R., Rosenfeld LC., Rushton L., Sacco RL., Saha S., Sampson U., Sanchez-Riera L., Sanman E., Schwebel DC., Scott JG., Segui-Gomez M., Shahraz S., Shepard DS., Shin H., Shivakoti R., Singh D., Singh GM., Singh JA., Singleton J., Sleet DA., Sliwa K., Smith E., Smith JL., Stapelberg NJC., Steer A., Steiner T., Stolk WA., Stovner LJ., Sudfeld C., Syed S., Tamburlini G., Tavakkoli M., Taylor HR., Taylor JA., Taylor WJ., Thomas B., Thomson WM., Thurston GD., Tleyjeh IM., Tonelli M., Towbin JA., Truelsen T., Tsilimbaris MK., Ubeda C., Undurraga EA., van der Werf MJ., van Os J., Vavilala MS., Venketasubramanian N., Wang M., Wang W., Watt K., Weatherall DJ., Weinstock MA., Weintraub R., Weisskopf MG., Weissman MM., White RA., Whiteford H., Wiersma ST., Wilkinson JD., Williams HC., Williams SRM., Witt E., Wolfe F., Woolf AD., Wulf S., Yeh P-H., Zaidi AKM., Zheng Z-J., Zonies D., Lopez AD., Murray CJL., AlMazroa MA., Memish ZA.
BACKGROUND: Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs). METHODS: Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis. FINDINGS: Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0·37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. INTERPRETATION: Rates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.