The association between adverse childhood experiences and adult cardiac function in the UK Biobank.
Quiroz JC., Cooper J., McCracken C., Khanji MY., Laranjo L., Aung N., Lee AM., Simon J., Murphy T., Biasiolli L., Piechnik SK., Maurovich-Horvat P., Petersen SE., Raisi-Estabragh Z.
AIMS: The importance of early life factors in determining health in later adulthood is increasingly recognized. This study evaluated the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: UK Biobank participants who had completed CMR and the self-reported questionnaire on traumatic childhood experiences were included. Images were analysed using automated pipelines to extract measures of left and right ventricular (LV and RV) structure and function, myocardial character, and arterial compliance. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the association of childhood adversity with CMR phenotypes adjusting for age, sex, deprivation, education, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise level, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia. Amongst 30 814 participants analysed, 6023 (19.5%) experienced physical abuse, 2746 (8.9%) sexual abuse, 4685 (15.2%) emotional abuse, 6822 (22.1%) emotional neglect, and 4534 (14.7%) physical neglect. Except for physical abuse, women reported greater rates of childhood adversity than men. Collectively, all types of childhood adversity were associated with smaller LV and RV volumes, greater LV mass, a concentric pattern of LV remodelling, poorer LV and RV function, lower aortic compliance, and greater arterial stiffness. Sexual abuse was associated with unhealthy CMR phenotypes in age- and sex-adjusted models, but these relationships were attenuated in fully adjusted models. Physical neglect had the most prominent pattern of adverse cardiovascular remodelling. CONCLUSION: ACEs were associated with unhealthy cardiovascular remodelling in adulthood, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These findings support the consideration of early life factors in cardiovascular disease risk assessment.